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Measurement of Poverty and Inequality: A case study in Tanzania
Romaza Khanum
Therapeutic Efficacy of combined plant extract of Andrographis panicultata Wall. ex Nees and Achyranthes aspera L. against Paracetamol induced Hepato and Renal Toxicity in Wistar albino rats
A.Jayavelu, A.Natarajan, S. Sundaresan, K. Devi, B. Senthil Kumar
Optimization of α - Amylase Production of Bacillus Stearothermophilus KDP from Sago Industry Waste
This paper analyses the poverty and inequality of households using macro level data, based on food consumption in Tanzania. Despite having several initiatives to reduce poverty and inequality, Tanzania is still considered one of the poorest countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The main objective of this study is to measure the extent of poverty and inequality in Tanzania. Average share of non-food consumption within total expenditure is 22.7%, it is a typical scenario of a developing country where expenditure of food consumption is higher than non-food consumption. On the other hand, it is estimated that maximum expenditure per capita is almost 5 times higher than the minimum expenditure per capita. After imposing tax on having children, inequality has been increased. This paper considers a new CBN poverty line for both male and female headed rural households.
Abstract The current study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Andrographis paniculata (Ap) and Achyranthes aspera (Aa) on Paracetamol (PCM) induced hepato and nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. The activities of serum marker enzymes of the liver like alanine aminotransferase (ALT), asparate aminotransferase (AST), alanine phosphates (ALP) and bilirubin were increased by the administration of Paracetamol (500 mg/kg body weight). These activities were found to be reduced after the administration of plant (Andrographis panicultata Wall. ex Nees and Achyranthes aspera (L.) extracts in the toxicity induced groups. Lipid peroxidation level, which increased after administration of paracetamol, was significantly reduced in the liver. Levels of antioxidants defense enzymes, such as, superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione-Stransferase (GST) were lowered by paracetamol. They were elevated by the plant extracts (separate and combined). The kidney function markers like urea, uric acid and creatinine were relatively increased in Paracetamol treated animals. However, their levels were found to be decreased while treating with the plant extract either separately [Ap or Aa] or combined [Ap and Aa]). This study shows that the extracts of Ap and Aa extracts could play a significant role to protect and cure the liver and kidney cells against paracetamol induced toxicity. They also increase the immunity in hepatic and nephritic cells of wistar albino rats. Keywords: Andrographis paniculata, Acheranthes aspera, Liver marker enzymes, Paracetamol, Hepatoprotective, Nephroprotective.
Abstract Thermophilic and amylolytic aerobic bacteria was isolated from soil sample collected from sago industry waste through a selective enrichment procedure at 55 °C with starch as the carbon source and identified as Bacillus stearothermophilus KDP by biochemical test with Bergey’s manual. We aimed to study the Influence of certain nutritional and environmental factors on amylases production by this newly isolate. Optimum pH and temperature for the maximum amylase production by B. stearothermophilus was found at 7.0(6.2 U/m1/min) and 550C (8.2 U/ml/min) respectively. Carbon source arrow root present media showed the maximum enzyme production (8.8 U/mL). Among different nitrogen sources the yeast extract presented media increased the enzyme yield (9.2 U/mL). Stimulatory and Inhibitory effects of metal ions such as Se, Ni, Mg, Zn and Cu were tested. Stimulatory effect was observed in Se and Ni present media. Keywords: Amylase, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Nitrogen sources, Carbon sources, pH,
